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Periodic Table of Elements

Element Bromine - Br

Comprehensive data on the chemical element Bromine is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Bromine. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.

Bromine Menu

• Bromine Page One
  • Overview of Bromine
  • Bromine's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Bromine
  • Chemical Properties of Bromine
  • Physical Properties of Bromine
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Bromine Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides
• Bromine Page Three
  • Common Chemical Compounds of Bromine

Overview of Bromine

• Atomic Number: 35
• Group: 17
• Period: 4
• Series: Halogens

Bromine's Name in Other Languages

• Latin: Bromum
• Czech: Brom
• Croatian: Brom
• French: Brome
• German: Brom - r
• Italian: Bromo
• Norwegian: Brom
• Portuguese: Bromo
• Russian: Бром
• Spanish: Bromo
• Swedish: Brom

Atomic Structure of Bromine

• Atomic Radius: 1.12Å
• Atomic Volume: 23.5cm³/mol
• Covalent Radius: 1.14Å
• Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture)σ_a/barns: 6.8
• Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic

  

• Electron Configuration:

  1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁵

• Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,18,7

  Shell Model
  

• Ionic Radius: 1.96Å
• Filling Orbital: 4p⁵
• Number of Electrons (with no charge): 35
• Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 45
• Number of Protons: 35
• Oxidation States: ±1,5
• Valence Electrons: 4s²p⁵

  Electron Dot Model
  

Chemical Properties of Bromine

• Electrochemical Equivalent: 2.9812g/amp-hr
• Electron Work Function:
• Electronegativity: 2.96 (Pauling); 2.74 (Allrod Rochow)
• Heat of Fusion: 5.286kJ/mol
• Incompatibilities:

  combustible organics (sawdust, wood, cotton, straw, etc.), oxidizable material, aqueous ammonia, hydrogen, acetylene, phosphorus, aluminum, titanium, mercury, potassium, other metals.

• Ionization Potential
  • First: 11.814
  • Second: 21.8
  • Third: 36
• Valence Electron Potential (-eV): -7.35

Physical Properties of Bromine

• Atomic Mass Average: 79.904
• Boiling Point: 332.4K 59.25°C 138.65°F
• Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K^-1: N/A
• Conductivity

  Electrical:
  Thermal: 0.00122 W/cmK

• Density: 3.119g/cc @ 300K
• Description:

  Heavy, red-brown, fuming liquid with a choking, irritating odor; causes tears

• Elastic Modulus:
  • Bulk: 1.9/GPa
• Enthalpy of Atomization: 111.7 kJ/mole @ 25°C
• Enthalpy of Fusion: 5.29 kJ/mole
• Enthalpy of Vaporization: 15.46 kJ/mole
• Flammablity Class: Noncombustible Liquid
• Freezing Point: see melting point
• Heat of Vaporization: 15.438kJ/mol
• Melting Point: 266.05K -7.1°C 19.2°F
• Molar Volume: 25.62 cm³/mole
• Optical Refractive Index: 1.001132
• Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Liquid
• Realitive Gas Density (Air=1) = 5.51
• Specific Heat: 0.473J/gK
• Vapor Pressure = 5800Pa@-7.1°C

Regulatory / Health

• CAS Number
  • 7726-95-6
• UN/NA ID and ERG Guide Number
  • 1744  / 154 
• RTECS: EF9100000
• NFPA 704
  • Health: 4
  • Fire:
  • Reactivity:
  • Special Hazard:
• OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
  • 1 ppm = 6.54mg/m³ @ 25°C & 1 atm
  • TWA: 0.1 ppm
• OSHA PEL Vacated 1989
  • TWA: 0.1 ppm
  • STEL: 0.3 ppm
• NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
  • TWA: 0.1 ppm
  • STEL: 0.3 ppm
  • IDLH: 3 ppm
• Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Skin and/or eye contact
• Target Organs: Respiratory system, eyes, central nervous system, skin
• Levels In Humans:
  Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.
  • Blood/mg dm^-3: 4.7
  • Bone/p.p.m: 6.7
  • Liver/p.p.m: 0.2-7
  • Muscle/p.p.m: 7.7
  • Daily Dietary Intake: 0.8-24 mg
  • Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: 260 mg

Who / Where / When / How

• Discoverer: Antoine J. Balard/ C. Löwig
• Discovery Location: Montpellier France/Heidelberg Germany
• Discovery Year: 1826
• Name Origin:

  Greek: brômos (stench).

• Abundance of Bromine:
  • Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 0.37
  • Seawater/p.p.m.: 65
  • Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
  • Sun (Relative to H=1E¹²): N/A
• Sources of Bromine:

  Occurs in compounds in sea water, Dead Sea, natural brines and salt-lake evaporates. World wide production estimated to be around 330,000 tons per year. Main mining areas are USA, Israel, UK, Russia, France and Japan.

• Uses of Bromine:

  Used for water purification (swimming pools), manufacture of ethylene dibromide (anti-knocking gasoline), bleaching, organic synthesis, solvent, analytical reagent, fire retardant for plastics, pharmaceuticals, shrink-proofing wool.

• Additional Notes:

Bromine Menu

• Bromine Page One
  • Overview of Bromine
  • Bromine's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Bromine
  • Chemical Properties of Bromine
  • Physical Properties of Bromine
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Bromine Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides
• Bromine Page Three
  • Common Chemical Compounds of Bromine

References

A list of reference sources used to compile the data provided on our periodic table of elements can be found on the main periodic table page.

Related Resources

• Anatomy of the Atom
  Answers many questions regarding the structure of atoms.
• Molarity, Molality and Normality
  Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between molarity, molality and normality.
• Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator
  Molar mass calculations are explained and there is a JavaScript calculator to aid calculations.
• Chemical Database
  This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry.

Citing this page

If you need to cite this page, you can copy this text:

Kenneth Barbalace. Periodic Table of Elements - Bromine - Br. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2024. Accessed on-line: 4/16/2024
https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Br.html
.