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Periodic Table of Elements

Element Scandium - Sc

Comprehensive data on the chemical element Scandium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Scandium. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.

Scandium Menu

• Scandium Page One
  • Overview of Scandium
  • Scandium's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Scandium
  • Chemical Properties of Scandium
  • Physical Properties of Scandium
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Scandium Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides

Overview of Scandium

• Atomic Number: 21
• Group: 3
• Period: 4
• Series: Transition Metals

Scandium's Name in Other Languages

• Latin: Scandium
• Czech: Skandium
• Croatian: Skandij
• French: Scandium
• German: Scandium - s
• Italian: Scandio
• Norwegian: Scandium
• Portuguese: Escândio
• Russian: Скандий
• Spanish: Escandio
• Swedish: Skandium

Atomic Structure of Scandium

• Atomic Radius: 2.09Å
• Atomic Volume: 15cm³/mol
• Covalent Radius: 1.44Å
• Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) σ_a/barns: 27.2
• Crystal Structure: Hexagonal

  

• Electron Configuration:

  1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹ 4s²

• Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,9,2

  Shell Model
  

• Ionic Radius: 0.745Å
• Filling Orbital: 3d¹
• Number of Electrons (with no charge): 21
• Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 24
• Number of Protons: 21
• Oxidation States: 3
• Valence Electrons: 3d¹ 4s²

  Electron Dot Model
  

Chemical Properties of Scandium

• Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.55914g/amp-hr
• Electron Work Function: 3.5eV
• Electronegativity: 1.36 (Pauling); 1.2 (Allrod Rochow)
• Heat of Fusion: 14.1kJ/mol
• Incompatibilities:

• Ionization Potential
  • First: 6.54
  • Second: 12.8
  • Third: 24.76
• Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 58

Physical Properties of Scandium

• Atomic Mass Average: 44.95591
• Boiling Point: 3104K 2831°C 5128°F
• Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K^-1: 10E^-6
• Conductivity

  Electrical: 0.0177 10⁶/cm Ω
  Thermal: 0.158 W/cmK

• Density: 2.99g/cc @ 300K
• Description:

  Soft silvery white metal that tarnishes in air and burns easily once ignited.

• Elastic Modulus:
  • Bulk: 56.6/GPa
  • Rigidity: 29.1/GPa
  • Youngs: 74.4/GPa
• Enthalpy of Atomization: 343 kJ/mole @ 25°C
• Enthalpy of Fusion: 14.1 kJ/mole
• Enthalpy of Vaporization: 314.2 kJ/mole
• Flammablity Class:
• Freezing Point: see melting point
• Hardness Scale
  • Brinell: 750 MN m^-2
• Heat of Vaporization: 314.2kJ/mol
• Melting Point: 1812K 1539°C 2802°F
• Molar Volume: 15.04 cm³/mole
• Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
• Specific Heat: 0.6J/gK
• Vapor Pressure = 22.1Pa@1539°C

Regulatory / Health

• CAS Number
  • 7440-20-2
• OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
  • No limits set by OSHA
• OSHA PEL Vacated 1989
  • No limits set by OSHA
• NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
  • No limits set by NIOSH
• Levels In Humans:
  Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.
  • Blood/mg dm^-3: 0.008
  • Bone/p.p.m: 0.001
  • Liver/p.p.m: 0.0004-0.0014
  • Muscle/p.p.m: n/a
  • Daily Dietary Intake: 0.00005 mg
  • Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: 0.2 mg
• Discovery Year: 1879
• Name Origin:

  From Latin Scandia for Scandinavia.

• Abundance of Scandium:
  • Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 16
  • Seawater/p.p.m.:
    • Atlantic Suface: 6.1E-07
    • Atlantic Deep: 8.8E-07
    • Pacific Surface: 3.5E-07
    • Pacific Deep: 7.9E-07
  • Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
  • Sun (Relative to H=1E¹²): 1100
• Sources of Scandium:

  Occurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. It is produced from uranium mill tailings. World production is around 0.05 tons annually.

• Uses of Scandium:

  Used in leak detectors, space industry materials, seed germinating agents. Also used in mercury vapour lamps when high intensity sunlight type lighting is required.

• Additional Notes:

Scandium Menu

• Scandium Page One
  • Overview of Scandium
  • Scandium's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Scandium
  • Chemical Properties of Scandium
  • Physical Properties of Scandium
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Scandium Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides

References

A list of reference sources used to compile the data provided on our periodic table of elements can be found on the main periodic table page.

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• Chemical Database
  This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry.

Citing this page

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Kenneth Barbalace. Periodic Table of Elements - Scandium - Sc. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2024. Accessed on-line: 12/21/2024
https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Sc.html
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