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Periodic Table of Elements

Element Gadolinium - Gd

Comprehensive data on the chemical element Gadolinium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Gadolinium. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.

Gadolinium Menu

• Gadolinium Page One
  • Overview of Gadolinium
  • Gadolinium's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Gadolinium
  • Chemical Properties of Gadolinium
  • Physical Properties of Gadolinium
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Gadolinium Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides

Overview of Gadolinium

• Atomic Number: 64
• Period: 6
• Series: Lanthanides

Gadolinium's Name in Other Languages

• Latin: Gadolinium
• Czech: Gadolinium
• Croatian: Gadolinij
• French: Gadolinium
• German: Gadolium - s
• Italian: Gadolinio
• Norwegian: Gadolinium
• Portuguese: Gadolínio
• Russian: Гадолиний
• Spanish: Gadolínio
• Swedish: Gadolinium Guld

Atomic Structure of Gadolinium

• Atomic Radius: 2.54Å
• Atomic Volume: 19.9cm³/mol
• Covalent Radius: 1.61Å
• Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture)σ_a/barns: 49000
• Crystal Structure: Hexagonal

  

• Electron Configuration:

  1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f⁷ 5s²p⁶d¹ 6s²

• Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,18,25,9,2

  Shell Model
  

• Ionic Radius: 0.938Å
• Filling Orbital: 4f⁷
• Number of Electrons (with no charge): 64
• Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 93
• Number of Protons: 64
• Oxidation States: 3
• Valence Electrons: 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s²

Chemical Properties of Gadolinium

• Electrochemical Equivalent: 1.9557g/amp-hr
• Electron Work Function: 3.1eV
• Electronegativity: 1.2 (Pauling); 1.11 (Allrod Rochow)
• Heat of Fusion: 10.05kJ/mol
• Incompatibilities:

• Ionization Potential
  • First: 6.15
  • Second: 12.095
  • Third: 20.635
• Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 46.1

Physical Properties of Gadolinium

• Atomic Mass Average: 157.25
• Boiling Point: 3539K 3266°C 5911°F
• Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K^-1: 8.6E^-6
• Conductivity

  Electrical: 0.00736 10⁶/cm Ω
  Thermal: 0.106 W/cmK

• Density: 7.895g/cc @ 300K
• Description:

  A silver-white rare earth metal that slowly reacts with oxygen and water.

• Elastic Modulus:
  • Bulk: 38/GPa
  • Rigidity: 22/GPa
  • Youngs: 55/GPa
• Enthalpy of Atomization: 352 kJ/mole @ 25°C
• Enthalpy of Fusion: 10.05 kJ/mole
• Enthalpy of Vaporization: 359.4 kJ/mole
• Flammablity Class:
• Freezing Point: see melting point
• Hardness Scale
  • Vickers: 570 MN m^-2
• Heat of Vaporization: 359.4kJ/mol
• Melting Point: 1585K 1312°C 2394°F
• Molar Volume: 19.9 cm³/mole
• Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
• Specific Heat: 0.23J/gK
• Vapor Pressure = 24400Pa@1312°C

Regulatory / Health

• CAS Number
  • 7440-54-2
• OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
  • No limits set by OSHA
• OSHA PEL Vacated 1989
  • No limits set by OSHA
• NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
  • No limits set by NIOSH
• Levels In Humans:
  Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.
  • Blood/mg dm^-3: n/a
  • Bone/p.p.m: n/a
  • Liver/p.p.m: n/a
  • Muscle/p.p.m: n/a
  • Daily Dietary Intake: n/a
  • Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: n/a
• Discovery Year: 1880
• Name Origin:

  Named after Finnish minerologist J. Gadolin.

• Abundance of Gadolinium:
  • Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 7.7
  • Seawater/p.p.m.:
    • Atlantic Suface: 5.2E-07
    • Atlantic Deep: 9.3E-07
    • Pacific Surface: 0.0000006
    • Pacific Deep: 0.0000015
  • Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
  • Sun (Relative to H=1E¹²): 13.2
• Sources of Gadolinium:

  Chief ors are monazite and bastnasite. World production is around 400 tons annually. Primary mining areas are USA, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, Australia and China.

• Uses of Gadolinium:

  Used in magnets, refractories, magnets, neutron radiography and is alloyed with iron for magneto-optic recording devices.

• Additional Notes:

Gadolinium Menu

• Gadolinium Page One
  • Overview of Gadolinium
  • Gadolinium's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Gadolinium
  • Chemical Properties of Gadolinium
  • Physical Properties of Gadolinium
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Gadolinium Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides

References

A list of reference sources used to compile the data provided on our periodic table of elements can be found on the main periodic table page.

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• Chemical Database
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Citing this page

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Kenneth Barbalace. Periodic Table of Elements - Gadolinium - Gd. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2024. Accessed on-line: 12/21/2024
https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Gd.html
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