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Periodic Table of Elements

Element Phosphorus - P

Comprehensive data on the chemical element Phosphorus is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Phosphorus. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.

Phosphorus Menu

• Phosphorus Page One
  • Overview of Phosphorus
  • Phosphorus's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Phosphorus
  • Chemical Properties of Phosphorus
  • Physical Properties of Phosphorus
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Phosphorus Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides
• Phosphorus Page Three
  • Common Chemical Compounds of Phosphorus

Overview of Phosphorus

• Atomic Number: 15
• Group: 15
• Period: 3
• Series: Nonmetals

Phosphorus's Name in Other Languages

• Latin: Phosphorus
• Czech: Fosfor
• Croatian: Fosfor
• French: Phosphore
• German: Phosphor - r
• Italian: Fosforo
• Norwegian: Fosfor
• Portuguese: Fósforo
• Russian: Фосфор
• Spanish: Fósforo
• Swedish: Fosfor

Atomic Structure of Phosphorus

• Atomic Radius: 1.23Å
• Atomic Volume: 17cm³/mol
• Covalent Radius: 1.06Å
• Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) σ_a/barns: 0.172
• Crystal Structure: Monoclinic

  

• Electron Configuration:

  1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p³

• Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,5

  Shell Model
  

• Ionic Radius: 0.38Å
• Filling Orbital: 3p³
• Number of Electrons (with no charge): 15
• Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 16
• Number of Protons: 15
• Oxidation States: ±3,5,4
• Valence Electrons: 3s²p³

  Electron Dot Model
  

Chemical Properties of Phosphorus

• Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.23113g/amp-hr
• Electron Work Function:
• Electronegativity: 2.19 (Pauling); 2.06 (Allrod Rochow)
• Heat of Fusion: 0.657kJ/mol
• Incompatibilities:

  Air, oxidizers (including elemental sulfur & strong caustics), halogens

• Ionization Potential
  • First: 10.486
  • Second: 19.725
  • Third: 30.18
• Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 190

Physical Properties of Phosphorus

• Atomic Mass Average: 30.97376
• Boiling Point: 553K 280°C 536°F
• Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K^-1: 124.5E^-6
• Conductivity

  Electrical: 1.0E^-17 10⁶/cm Ω
  Thermal: 0.00235 W/cmk

• Density: 1.82g/cc @ 300K
• Description:

  Soft white waxy solid, brownish-red powder or black solid.

• Elastic Modulus:
  • Bulk: 11/GPa
• Enthalpy of Atomization: 314.6 kJ/mole @ 25°C
• Enthalpy of Fusion: 0.63 kJ/mole
• Enthalpy of Vaporization: 12.43 kJ/mole
• Flammablity Class: Flammable solid
• Freezing Point: see melting point
• Heat of Vaporization: 12.129kJ/mol
• Melting Point: 317.45K 44.3°C 111.7°F
• Molar Volume: 17 cm³/mole
• Optical Refractive Index: 1.001212
• Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
• Specific Heat: 0.77J/gK
• Vapor Pressure = 20.8Pa@44.3°C

Regulatory / Health

• CAS Number
  • 7723-14-0
• UN/NA ID and ERG Guide Number
  • 1381  / 136 
• RTECS: TH3500000
• OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
  • TWA: 0.1 mg/m³
• OSHA PEL Vacated 1989
  • TWA: 0.1 mg/m³
• NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
  • TWA: 0.1 mg/m³
  • IDLH: 5 mg/m³
• Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Skin and/or eye contact
• Target Organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, jaw, teeth, blood
• Levels In Humans:
  Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.
  • Blood/mg dm^-3: 345
  • Bone/p.p.m: 67000-71000
  • Liver/p.p.m: 3-8.5
  • Muscle/p.p.m: 3000-8500
  • Daily Dietary Intake: 900-1900 mg
  • Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: 780 g

Who / Where / When / How

• Discoverer: Hennig Brand
• Discovery Location: Hamburg Germany
• Discovery Year: 1669
• Name Origin:

  Greek: phôs (light) and phoros (bearer).

• Abundance of Phosphorus:
  • Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 1000
  • Seawater/p.p.m.:
    • Atlantic Suface: 0.0015
    • Atlantic Deep: 0.042
    • Pacific Surface: 0.0015
    • Pacific Deep: 0.084
  • Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
  • Sun (Relative to H=1E¹²): 316000
• Sources of Phosphorus:

  Found most often in phosphate rock. Annual world wide production is around 153,000,000 tons. Primary mining areas are Russia, USA, Morocco, Tunisia, Tongo and Nauru.

• Uses of Phosphorus:

  Used in the production of fertilizers, fireworks, matches, pesticides, toothpaste and detergents.

• Additional Notes:

  White phosphorus is much more toxic than red phosphorus. Necrosis of the jaw, also called phossy-jaw, is caused by chronic exposure to white phosphorus.

Phosphorus Menu

• Phosphorus Page One
  • Overview of Phosphorus
  • Phosphorus's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Phosphorus
  • Chemical Properties of Phosphorus
  • Physical Properties of Phosphorus
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Phosphorus Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides
• Phosphorus Page Three
  • Common Chemical Compounds of Phosphorus

References

A list of reference sources used to compile the data provided on our periodic table of elements can be found on the main periodic table page.

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• Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator
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• Chemical Database
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Citing this page

If you need to cite this page, you can copy this text:

Kenneth Barbalace. Periodic Table of Elements - Phosphorus - P. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2024. Accessed on-line: 12/21/2024
https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/P.html
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