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Periodic Table of Elements

Element Thulium - Tm

Comprehensive data on the chemical element Thulium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Thulium. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.

Thulium Menu

• Thulium Page One
  • Overview of Thulium
  • Thulium's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Thulium
  • Chemical Properties of Thulium
  • Physical Properties of Thulium
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Thulium Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides

Overview of Thulium

• Atomic Number: 69
• Period: 6
• Series: Lanthanides

Thulium's Name in Other Languages

• Latin: Thulium
• Czech: Thulium
• Croatian: Tulij
• French: Thulium
• German: Thulium - s
• Italian: Tulio
• Norwegian: Thulium
• Portuguese: Túlio
• Russian: Тулий
• Spanish: Túlio
• Swedish: Tulium

Atomic Structure of Thulium

• Atomic Radius: 2.42Å
• Atomic Volume: 18.1cm³/mol
• Covalent Radius: 1.56Å
• Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) σ_a/barns: 100
• Crystal Structure: Hexagonal

  

• Electron Configuration:

  1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f¹³ 5s²p⁶ 6s²

• Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,18,31,8,2

  Shell Model
  

• Ionic Radius: 0.869Å
• Filling Orbital: 4f¹³
• Number of Electrons (with no charge): 69
• Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 100
• Number of Protons: 69
• Oxidation States: 3,2
• Valence Electrons: 4f¹³ 6s²

Chemical Properties of Thulium

• Electrochemical Equivalent: 2.101g/amp-hr
• Electron Work Function:
• Electronegativity: 1.25 (Pauling); 1.11 (Allrod Rochow)
• Heat of Fusion: 16.84kJ/mol
• Incompatibilities:

• Ionization Potential
  • First: 6.184
  • Second: 12.054
  • Third: 26.367
• Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 49.7

Physical Properties of Thulium

• Atomic Mass Average: 168.9342
• Boiling Point: 2220K 1947°C 3537°F
• Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K^-1: 13.3E^-6
• Conductivity

  Electrical: 0.015 10⁶/cm Ω
  Thermal: 0.168 W/cmK

• Density: 9.32g/cc @ 300K
• Description:

  Silver colored rare earth metal that tarnishes in air and reacts with water. It is the rarest of the rare earth metals.

• Elastic Modulus:
  • Bulk: 44.5/GPa
  • Rigidity: 30.5/GPa
  • Youngs: 74/GPa
• Enthalpy of Atomization: 247 kJ/mole @ 25°C
• Enthalpy of Fusion: 16.8 kJ/mole
• Enthalpy of Vaporization: 191 kJ/mole
• Flammablity Class:
• Freezing Point: see melting point
• Hardness Scale
  • Brinell: 471 MN m^-2
  • Vickers: 520 MN m^-2
• Heat of Vaporization: 191kJ/mol
• Melting Point: 1818K 1545°C 2813°F
• Molar Volume: 18.12 cm³/mole
• Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
• Specific Heat: 0.16J/gK
• Vapor Pressure = 0.0049Pa@1545°C

Regulatory / Health

• CAS Number
  • 7440-30-4
• OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
  • No limits set by OSHA
• OSHA PEL Vacated 1989
  • No limits set by OSHA
• NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
  • No limits set by NIOSH
• Levels In Humans:
  Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.
  • Blood/mg dm^-3: n/a
  • Bone/p.p.m: n/a
  • Liver/p.p.m: n/a
  • Muscle/p.p.m: n/a
  • Daily Dietary Intake: n/a
  • Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: n/a
• Discovery Year: 1879
• Name Origin:

  From Thule, the ancient name of Scandinavia.

• Abundance of Thulium:
  • Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 0.48
  • Seawater/p.p.m.:
    • Atlantic Suface: 1.3E-07
    • Atlantic Deep: 1.6E-07
    • Pacific Surface: 7E-08
    • Pacific Deep: 3.3E-07
  • Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
  • Sun (Relative to H=1E¹²): 1.8
• Sources of Thulium:

  the chief ores are monazite and bastnasite. Annual world production is around 50 tons. Primary mining areas are USA, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka and Australia.

• Uses of Thulium:

  Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical equipment.

• Additional Notes:

Thulium Menu

• Thulium Page One
  • Overview of Thulium
  • Thulium's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Thulium
  • Chemical Properties of Thulium
  • Physical Properties of Thulium
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Thulium Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides

References

A list of reference sources used to compile the data provided on our periodic table of elements can be found on the main periodic table page.

Related Resources

• Anatomy of the Atom
  Answers many questions regarding the structure of atoms.
• Molarity, Molality and Normality
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• Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator
  Molar mass calculations are explained and there is a JavaScript calculator to aid calculations.
• Chemical Database
  This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry.

Citing this page

If you need to cite this page, you can copy this text:

Kenneth Barbalace. Periodic Table of Elements - Thulium - Tm. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2024. Accessed on-line: 12/21/2024
https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Tm.html
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