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Periodic Table of Elements

Element Vanadium - V

Comprehensive data on the chemical element Vanadium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Vanadium. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.

Vanadium Menu

• Vanadium Page One
  • Overview of Vanadium
  • Vanadium's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Vanadium
  • Chemical Properties of Vanadium
  • Physical Properties of Vanadium
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Vanadium Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides
• Vanadium Page Three
  • Common Chemical Compounds of Vanadium

Overview of Vanadium

• Atomic Number: 23
• Group: 5
• Period: 4
• Series: Transition Metals

Vanadium's Name in Other Languages

• Latin: Vanadium
• Czech: Vanad
• Croatian: Vanadij
• French: Vanadium
• German: Vanadin - r
• Italian: Vanadio
• Norwegian: Vanadium
• Portuguese: Vanádio
• Russian: Ванадий
• Spanish: Vanadio
• Swedish: Vanadin

Atomic Structure of Vanadium

• Atomic Radius: 1.92Å
• Atomic Volume: 8.78cm³/mol
• Covalent Radius: 1.22Å
• Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) σ_a/barns: 5.08
• Crystal Structure: Cubic body centered

  

• Electron Configuration:

  1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d³ 4s²

• Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,11,2

  Shell Model
  

• Ionic Radius: 0.59Å
• Filling Orbital: 3d³
• Number of Electrons (with no charge): 23
• Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 28
• Number of Protons: 23
• Oxidation States: 5,3
• Valence Electrons: 3d³ 4s²

  Electron Dot Model
  

Chemical Properties of Vanadium

• Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.38013g/amp-hr
• Electron Work Function: 4.3eV
• Electronegativity: 1.63 (Pauling); 1.85 (Allrod Rochow)
• Heat of Fusion: 20.9kJ/mol
• Incompatibilities:

  Strong oxidizers, ammonium nitrate

• Ionization Potential
  • First: 6.74
  • Second: 14.65
  • Third: 29.31
• Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 120

Physical Properties of Vanadium

• Atomic Mass Average: 50.9415
• Boiling Point: 3682K 3409°C 6168°F
• Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K^-1: 8.3E^-6
• Conductivity

  Electrical: 0.0489 10⁶/cm Ω
  Thermal: 0.307 W/cmK

• Density: 6.11g/cc @ 300K
• Description:

  Silvery-white metal.

• Elastic Modulus:
  • Bulk: 158/GPa
  • Rigidity: 46.7/GPa
  • Youngs: 127.6/GPa
• Enthalpy of Atomization: 514.6 kJ/mole @ 25°C
• Enthalpy of Fusion: 17.57 kJ/mole
• Enthalpy of Vaporization: 458.6 kJ/mole
• Flammablity Class: Non-combustible solid (except as dust)
• Freezing Point: see melting point
• Hardness Scale
  • Brinell: 628 MN m^-2
  • Mohs: 7
  • Vickers: 628 MN m^-2
• Heat of Vaporization: 0.452kJ/mol
• Melting Point: 2175K 1902°C 3456°F
• Molar Volume: 8.55 cm³/mole
• Optical Reflectivity: 61%
• Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
• Specific Heat: 0.49J/gK
• Vapor Pressure = 3.06Pa@1902°C

Regulatory / Health

• CAS Number
  • 7440-62-2
• OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
  • No limits set by OSHA
• OSHA PEL Vacated 1989
  • No limits set by OSHA
• NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
  • No limits set by NIOSH
• Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Skin and/or eye contact
• Target Organs: Skin, respiratory system
• Levels In Humans:
  Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.
  • Blood/mg dm^-3: <0.0002
  • Bone/p.p.m: 0.0035
  • Liver/p.p.m: 0.006
  • Muscle/p.p.m: 0.02
  • Daily Dietary Intake: 0.04 mg
  • Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: 0.11 mg
• Discovery Year: 1801
• Name Origin:

  From Vanadis a Scandinavian goddess.

• Abundance of Vanadium:
  • Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 160
  • Seawater/p.p.m.:
    • Atlantic Suface: 0.0011
    • Atlantic Deep: N/A
    • Pacific Surface: 0.0016
    • Pacific Deep: 0.0018
  • Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
  • Sun (Relative to H=1E¹²): 10500
• Sources of Vanadium:

  Found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb₅(VO₄)₃Cl], and carnotite [K₂(UO₂)₂(VO₄)₂.3H₂O]. Vanadium is usually produced as a by-product of refining other ores and from Venezuelan oils. Annual world wide production is around 7,000 tons.

• Uses of Vanadium:

  It is mixed with other metals to make very strong and durable alloys which are used in construction materials, tools, springs and jet engines. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O₅) is used as a catalyst, dye and color-fixer.

• Additional Notes:

  Many sources credit Nils Sefström with discovering vanadium in 1831, however, this is more of a rediscovery as it had already been discovered in A.M. del Rio in 1801.

Vanadium Menu

• Vanadium Page One
  • Overview of Vanadium
  • Vanadium's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Vanadium
  • Chemical Properties of Vanadium
  • Physical Properties of Vanadium
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Vanadium Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides
• Vanadium Page Three
  • Common Chemical Compounds of Vanadium

References

A list of reference sources used to compile the data provided on our periodic table of elements can be found on the main periodic table page.

Related Resources

• Anatomy of the Atom
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• Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator
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• Chemical Database
  This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry.

Citing this page

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Kenneth Barbalace. Periodic Table of Elements - Vanadium - V. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2024. Accessed on-line: 12/21/2024
https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/V.html
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