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Periodic Table of Elements

Element Yttrium - Y

Comprehensive data on the chemical element Yttrium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Yttrium. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.

Yttrium Menu

• Yttrium Page One
  • Overview of Yttrium
  • Yttrium's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Yttrium
  • Chemical Properties of Yttrium
  • Physical Properties of Yttrium
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Yttrium Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides
• Yttrium Page Three
  • Common Chemical Compounds of Yttrium

Overview of Yttrium

• Atomic Number: 39
• Group: 3
• Period: 5
• Series: Transition Metals

Yttrium's Name in Other Languages

• Latin: Yttrium
• Czech: Yttrium
• Croatian: Itrij
• French: Yttrium
• German: Yttrium - s
• Italian: Ittrio
• Norwegian: Yttrium
• Portuguese: Itrio
• Russian: Иттрий
• Spanish: Itrio
• Swedish: Yttrium

Atomic Structure of Yttrium

• Atomic Radius: 2.27Å
• Atomic Volume: 19.8cm³/mol
• Covalent Radius: 1.62Å
• Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture) σ_a/barns: 1.28
• Crystal Structure: Hexagonal

  

• Electron Configuration:

  1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹ 5s²

• Electrons per Energy Level: 2,8,18,9,2

  Shell Model
  

• Ionic Radius: 0.9Å
• Filling Orbital: 4d¹
• Number of Electrons (with no charge): 39
• Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 50
• Number of Protons: 39
• Oxidation States: 3
• Valence Electrons: 4d¹ 5s²

  Electron Dot Model
  

Chemical Properties of Yttrium

• Electrochemical Equivalent: 1.1057g/amp-hr
• Electron Work Function: 3.1eV
• Electronegativity: 1.22 (Pauling); 1.11 (Allrod Rochow)
• Heat of Fusion: 11.4kJ/mol
• Incompatibilities:

  Oxidizers

• Ionization Potential
  • First: 6.38
  • Second: 12.24
  • Third: 20.52
• Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 48

Physical Properties of Yttrium

• Atomic Mass Average: 88.90585
• Boiling Point: 3611K 3338°C 6040°F
• Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K^-1: 10.6E^-6
• Conductivity

  Electrical: 0.0166 10⁶/cm Ω
  Thermal: 0.172 W/cmK

• Density: 4.47g/cc @ 300K
• Description:

  Silvery metal, which is stable in air because of an oxide film that forms on its surface.

• Elastic Modulus:
  • Bulk: 41/GPa
  • Rigidity: 25.5/GPa
  • Youngs: 66.3/GPa
• Enthalpy of Atomization: 418 kJ/mole @ 25°C
• Enthalpy of Fusion: 17.15 kJ/mole
• Enthalpy of Vaporization: 393 kJ/mole
• Flammablity Class: Non-combustible solid (except as dust)
• Freezing Point: see melting point
• Hardness Scale
  • Brinell: 589 MN m^-2
• Heat of Vaporization: 363kJ/mol
• Melting Point: 1799K 1526°C 2779°F
• Molar Volume: 19.89 cm³/mole
• Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
• Specific Heat: 0.3J/gK
• Vapor Pressure = 5.31Pa@1526°C

Regulatory / Health

• CAS Number
  • 7440-65-5
• RTECS: ZG2980000
• OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
  • TWA: 1 mg/m³
• OSHA PEL Vacated 1989
  • TWA: 1 mg/m³
• NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
  • TWA: 1 mg/m³
  • IDLH: 500 mg/m³
• Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Ingestion; Skin and/or eye contact
• Target Organs: Eyes, respiratory system, liver
• Levels In Humans:
  Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.
  • Blood/mg dm^-3: 0.0047
  • Bone/p.p.m: 0.07
  • Liver/p.p.m: <0.01
  • Muscle/p.p.m: 0.02
  • Daily Dietary Intake: 0.016 mg
  • Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: 0.6 mg

Who / Where / When / How

• Discoverer: Johann Gadolin
• Discovery Location: Äbo Finland
• Discovery Year: 1794
• Name Origin:

  From the town of Ytterby, Sweden.

• Abundance of Yttrium:
  • Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 30
  • Seawater/p.p.m.: 0.000009
  • Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
  • Sun (Relative to H=1E¹²): 125
• Sources of Yttrium:

  Found in xenotime, bastnasite, fergusonite and samarskite ores. Annual world wide production is around 400 tons. Primary mining areas are USA, Russia, Norway and Madagascar.

• Uses of Yttrium:

  Combined with europium to make red phosphors for color TV's. Yttrium oxide and iron oxide combine to form a crystal garnet used in radars. Also used in lasers, camera lenses and fireproof bricks.

• Additional Notes:

Yttrium Menu

• Yttrium Page One
  • Overview of Yttrium
  • Yttrium's Name in Other Languages
  • Atomic Structure of Yttrium
  • Chemical Properties of Yttrium
  • Physical Properties of Yttrium
  • Regulatory / Health
  • Who/When/Where/How
• Yttrium Page Two
  • Nuclides / Isotopes
  • Potential Parent Nuclides
• Yttrium Page Three
  • Common Chemical Compounds of Yttrium

References

A list of reference sources used to compile the data provided on our periodic table of elements can be found on the main periodic table page.

Related Resources

• Anatomy of the Atom
  Answers many questions regarding the structure of atoms.
• Molarity, Molality and Normality
  Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between molarity, molality and normality.
• Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator
  Molar mass calculations are explained and there is a JavaScript calculator to aid calculations.
• Chemical Database
  This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry.

Citing this page

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Kenneth Barbalace. Periodic Table of Elements - Yttrium - Y. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2024. Accessed on-line: 12/30/2024
https://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Y.html
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